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";s:4:"text";s:11485:"<p>I do not believe that a Constitution committed to the equal protection of the laws can tolerate this result. </p> <p>liberty was attainable through mere absence of governmental restraints." By funding all of the expenses associated with childbirth and none of the expenses incurred in terminating pregnancy, the Government literally makes an [448 U.S. 297, 334] offer that the indigent woman cannot afford to refuse. The Court’s decision today marks a retreat from Roe v. Wade and represents a cruel blow to the most powerless members of our society. 1101, 1104, 6 L.Ed.2d 393 (1961). Nothing in the Due Process Clause supports such an extraordinary result. 873. the disentitlement to [M]edicaid assistance impinges directly on the woman's right to decide, in consultation with her physician and in reliance on his judgment, to terminate her pregnancy in order to preserve her health. (a) The cornerstone of Medicaid is financial contribution by both the Federal Government and the participating State. 6. See San Antonio Independent School Dist. Quite the contrary, the purpose of Congress in enacting Title XIX was to provide federal financial assistance for all legitimate state expenditures under an approved Medicaid plan. </p> <p>This, it need hardly be said, is a crucial difference for equal protection purposes. </p> <p>See 42 U.S.C. </p> <p>3035, 61 L.Ed.2d 797 (consent required of either parent or superior court judge for an unmarried woman under 18). </p> <p>358.]. The named appellees consisting of officers of the Women's Division, although they provided a detailed description of their religious beliefs, failed to allege either that they are or expect to be pregnant or that they are eligible to receive Medicaid, and they therefore lacked the personal stake in the controversy needed to confer standing to raise such a challenge to the Hyde Amendment. 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Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 604, and n. 33, 97 S.Ct. Id., at 165, 93 S.Ct., at 732 (emphasis added). There is no evidence to support such a finding of intent in the present case. </p> <p>It is inconceivable that guaranties embedded in the Constitution of the United States may thus be manipulated out of existence.” By subsidizing the medical expenses of indigent women who carry their pregnancies to term while not subsidizing the comparable expenses of women who undergo abortions (except those whose lives are threatened), 27 Congress has established incentives that make childbirth a more attractive alternative than abortion for persons eligible for Medicaid. An indigent woman denied governmental funding for a medically necessary abortion is confronted with two grotesque choices. Title XIX of the Social Security Act established the Medicaid program in 1965 to provide federal financial assistance to States that choose to reimburse certain costs of medical treatment for needy persons. On September 30, 1976, the day on which Congress enacted the initial version of the Hyde Amendment, these consolidated cases were filed in the District Court for the Eastern District of New York. [ Footnote 4 ] In this opinion, the term “Hyde Amendment” is used generically to refer to all three versions of the Hyde Amendment, except where indicated otherwise. III [ Footnote 2 ] Roe v. Wade involved Texas statutes making it a crime to “procure an abortion,” except when attempted to save the pregnant woman’s life. That the Judaeo-Christian religions oppose stealing does not mean that a State or the Federal Government may not, consistent with the Establishment Clause, enact laws prohibiting larceny. Nor does the Hyde Amendment violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. </p> <p>Justice Brennan wrote a dissent in which Justice Marshall and Justice Blackmun joined. </p> <p>Pp. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2013. </p> <p>. 2671, 2680, 65 L.Ed.2d 784. APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. </p> <p>Indeed, in States that have adopted a standard more restrictive than the "medically necessary" test of the Medicaid Act, the number of funded abortions has decreased by over 98%. The Medicaid program cannot be distinguished from these other statutory schemes that unconstitutionally burdened [448 U.S. 297, 336] fundamental rights. </p> <p>But it is misleading [448 U.S. 297, 352] to speak of the Government’s legitimate interest in the fetus without reference to the context in which that interest was held to be legitimate. 7 The result will not be to protect what the Court describes as “the legitimate governmental objective of protecting potential life,” ante, at 325, but to ensure the destruction of both fetal and maternal life. It remains to be determined whether the Hyde Amendment violates the equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment. . A poor woman in the early stages of pregnancy confronts two alternatives: she may elect either to carry the fetus to term or to have an abortion. Moreover, in Maher, the Court held that Connecticut's decision to fund the costs associated with childbirth but not those associated with nontherapeutic abortions was a rational means of advancing the legitimate state interest in protecting potential life by encouraging childbirth. </p> <p>. See ante, at 332-334 (dissenting opinion). </p> <p>Accordingly, the appellees argue that because the Hyde Amendment affects a significant interest not present or asserted in Maher —the interest of a woman in protecting her health during pregnancy—and because that interest lies at the core of the personal constitutional freedom recognized in Wade, the present case is constitutionally different from Maher. </p> <p>. It is well settled that, quite apart from the guarantee of equal protection, if a law "impinges upon a fundamental right explicitly or implicitly secured by the Constitution [it] is presumptively unconstitutional." </p> <p>The Court’s sterile equal protection analysis evades this critical though simple point. It is well settled that “a legislative enactment does not contravene the Establishment Clause if it has a secular legislative purpose, if its principal or primary effect neither advances nor inhibits religion, and if it does not foster an excessive governmental entanglement with religion.” Committee for Public Education v. Regan, 444 U.S. 646, 653 . Three versions of the Hyde Amendment are at issue in this case. 625, 626, 67 L.Ed. United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 153, n. 4, 58 S.Ct. These state interests, which were found to be "separate and distinct" and to "gro[w] in substantiality as the woman approaches term," id., at 162-163, 93 S.Ct., at 731, pose a conflict with a woman's untrammeled freedom of choice. </p> <p>Further, in my judgment the Hyde Amendment cannot pass constitutional muster even under the rational-basis standard of review. </p> <p>v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 29 ; Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 . </p> <p>Observing that previous cases have recognized "the legitimate governmental objective of protecting potential life," 448 U.S., at 325, 100 S.Ct., at 2692, the Court concludes that the Hyde Amendment "establishe[s] incentives that make childbirth a more attractive alternative than abortion for persons eligible for Medicaid," ibid., and is therefore rationally related to that governmental interest. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. See Memorial Hospital v. Maricopa County, 415 U.S. 250 ; Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618 . </p> <p>533. The original designation is retained for purposes of this opinion. As my Brother BRENNAN has shown, see ante, at 332-334 (dissenting opinion), the differential distribution of incentives – which the Court concedes is present here, see ante, at 325 – can have precisely the same effect as an outright prohibition. 410 U.S., at 162, 93 S.Ct., at 731. Read the full-text amicus brief (PDF, 1.27MB) Issue. There the Court considered the question whether Title XIX permits a participating State to exclude non-therapeutic abortions from its Medicaid plan. Facts: This suit was brought by appellees, some of whom are indigent pregnant women, suing for themselves and for all of those who are similarly situated. 5 Under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, the Federal Government reimburses participating States for virtually all medically necessary services it provides to the categorically needy. See 432 U.S., at 477, 478, 479, 97 S.Ct., at 2384-85. 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