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";s:4:"text";s:11368:"<p>U.S. 351 The State need not show, as the Court implies, that the incremental cost of educating illegal aliens will send it into bankruptcy, or have a "`grave impact on the quality of education,'" ante, at 229; that is not dispositive under a "rational basis" scrutiny. Vance v. Bradley, 440 U.S. 93, 97 (1979); Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485-487 (1970); see ante, at 216. . San Antonio Independent School Dist., supra, at 35, n. 78. 394  U.S., at 74 424  Similarly, it is for Congress, and not this Court, to  Whether the Court should uphold a suspension of a desegregation plan until state laws and efforts to challenge Brown v. Board of Education have been challenged and tested in the courts? A legislative classification that threatens the creation of an underclass of future citizens and residents cannot be reconciled with one of the fundamental purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment.  (1948). </p> <p>The Court first suggests that these illegal alien children, although not a suspect class, are entitled to special solicitude under the Equal Protection Clause because they lack "control" over or "responsibility" for their unlawful entry into this country. [457  </p> <p>Summary of a Fourteenth Amendment Landmark case:Cooper v. Aaron 358 U.S. 1 (1978), Following its decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the Court formulated a decree to affect the decision. The Federal Government has "broad constitutional powers in determining what aliens shall be admitted to the United States, the period they may remain, regulation of their conduct before naturalization, and the terms and conditions of their naturalization." To be sure, like all persons who have entered the United States unlawfully, these children are subject to deportation. Footnote 8 Our conclusion that the illegal aliens who are plaintiffs in these cases may claim the benefit of the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection only begins the inquiry. Denying a free education to illegal alien children is not a choice I would make were I a legislator.  (1966); Rodriguez,  Supp., at 585. U.S. 52 The State contends primarily that § 21.031 serves to prevent undue depletion of its limited revenues available for education, and to preserve the fiscal integrity of the State's school-financing system against an ever-increasing flood of illegal aliens — aliens over whose entry or continued presence it has no control. No State may independently exercise a like power. Ante, at 227, n. 22. The 1975 revision also authorized local school districts to deny enrollment in their public schools to children not "legally admitted" to the country.  (1976), we held that a State may protect its "fiscal interests and lawfully resident labor force from the deleterious effects on its economy resulting from the employment of illegal aliens." Why might it be important for courts to decide cases that tend to have an adverse impact on children? </p> <p>The "American people have always regarded education and [the] acquisition of knowledge as matters of supreme importance." -153, n. 4 (1938). See 426 U.S., at 84-86. -551; Dandridge v. Williams, supra, at 487.  (1972). 1980); that some of the children involved in this litigation are "documentable," id., at 573; and that "[m]any of the undocumented children are not deportable. But so too, "[t]he Constitution does not require things which are different in fact or opinion to be treated in law as though they were the same." Footnote 20 After certifying a class consisting of all undocumented school-age children of Mexican origin residing within the School District, the District Court preliminarily enjoined defendants from denying a free education to members of the plaintiff class. The classification in question severely disadvantages children who are the victims of a combination of circumstances.  Gregory, Thomas A. Shannon, and August W. Steinhilber for the National School Boards Association. Although these exclusions do not conclusively demonstrate the constitutionality of the State's use of the same classification for comparable purposes, at the very least they tend to support the rationality of excluding illegal alien residents of a state from such programs so as to preserve the state's finite revenues for the benefit of lawful residents. IV). U.S. 164, 176 458 F. U.S. 762, 770 411  Finally, certain groups, indeed largely the same groups, have historically been "relegated to such a position of political powerlessness as to command extraordinary protection from the majoritarian political process." The courts below noted the ineffectiveness of the Texas provision as a means of controlling the influx of illegal entrants into the State. This is because "Congress and the President have broad power over immigration and naturalization  U.S. 205 ] Appellees in both cases continue to press the argument that 21.031 is pre-empted by federal law and policy. He repeatedly referred to the need to provide protection, not only to the freedmen, but to "the alien and stranger," and to "refugees . Thus, the District Court in the Alien Children Education case found as a factual matter that a significant number of illegal aliens will remain in this country permanently, 501 F. Supp.   The Constitution grants Congress the power to "establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization." See Nyquist v. Mauclet,  </p> <p>reduce expenditures for education by barring [some arbitrarily chosen class of] children from its schools," Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 633 (1969), appellants suggest that undocumented children are appropriately singled out for exclusion because of the special burdens they impose on the State's ability to provide high-quality public education. 432  </p> <p>] The court concluded that 21.031 was not pre-empted by federal laws or international agreements. BURGER, C.J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which WHITE, REHNQUIST, and O'CONNOR, JJ., joined, post, p. 242. Respecting defendants' further claim that § 21.031 was simply a financial measure designed to avoid a drain on the State's fisc, the court recognized that the increases in population resulting from the immigration of Mexican nationals into the United States had created problems for the public schools of the State, and that these problems were exacerbated by the special educational needs of immigrant Mexican children. </p> <p>Given that the States' power to regulate in this area is so limited, and that this is an area of such peculiarly strong federal authority, the necessity of federal leadership seems evident. . Further, while persuasive arguments support the view that a state may withhold benefits from people whose presence within the country is a result of unlawful conduct, the children of such illegal entrants "can affect neither their parents' conduct nor their own status," and "legislation directing the onus of a parent's misconduct against his children does not comport with fundamental conceptions of justice.". </p> <p>It continues to be my view that a class-based denial of public education is utterly incompatible with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. </p> <p>In addition, although a noncitizen "may be barred from full involvement in the political arena, he may play a role - perhaps even a leadership role - in other areas of import to the community." See 628 F.2d, at 460-461; 458 F. </p> <p>It is true that the Constitution imposes lesser constraints on the Federal Government than on the states with regard to discrimination against lawfully admitted aliens. The court discerned no express federal policy to bar illegal immigrants from education. 430    A state has no power to prevent unlawful immigration, and no power to deport illegal aliens; those powers are reserved exclusively to Congress and the Executive. </p> <p>The result was that children lawfully here but residing in different counties received different treatment. [457  Yet that is precisely what the Court does today. The State did not need to concern itself with an alien's current or future deportability. Justice Harlan, for one, maintained that strict equal protection scrutiny was appropriate only when racial or analogous  classifications were at issue. Here, however, the State has undertaken to provide an education to most of the children residing within its borders.   In light of these countervailing costs, the discrimination contained in 21.031 can hardly be considered rational unless it furthers some substantial goal of the State. Because federal law clearly indicates that only certain specified aliens may lawfully work in the country and because these aliens have documentation establishing this right, the State in De Canas was able to identify with certainty which aliens had a federal permission to work in this country. </p> <p>Whatever the current status of these children, the courts below concluded that many will remain here permanently and that some indeterminate number will eventually become citizens. U.S. 202, 216] Specifically, the Court required that the defendants "make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance" with the Court's order and to end segregation in the public schools "with all deliberate speed.".  aliens, while exempting the States from a similar limitation. 426  </p> <p>But in the area of special constitutional sensitivity presented by these cases, and in the absence of any contrary indication fairly discernible in the present legislative record, we perceive no national policy that supports the State in denying these children an elementary education. 544, 553 (SD Tex. I, § 8, cl. ] In his separate opinion, Justice Field addressed the relationship between the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments: [ </p> <p>Yet in, The second strand of the Court's analysis rests on the premise that, although public education is not a constitutionally guaranteed right, "neither is it merely some governmental `benefit' indistinguishable from other forms of social welfare legislation. 458 F. The court concluded that § 21.031 was not pre-empted by federal laws or international agreements. Reynolds v. Sims,  Similarly, a state's use of federal immigration status as a basis for legislative classification is not necessarily rendered suspect for its failure to take such factors into account. The Court has traditionally shown great deference to federal authority over immigration and to federal classifications based upon alienage. Drawing upon this power, upon its plenary authority with respect to foreign relations and international commerce, and upon the inherent power of a sovereign to close its borders, Congress has developed a complex scheme governing admission to our Nation and status within our borders.  to Juris. Craig v. Boren,  </p> <p>I write separately, however, because in my view the nature of the interest at stake is crucial to the proper resolution of these cases. . But to justify its use as a criterion for its own discriminatory policy, the State must demonstrate that the classification is reasonably adapted to "the purposes for which the state desires to use it." San Antonio Independent School Dist.   Their responsibility, if any, for the influx of aliens is slight compared to that imposed by the Constitution on the Federal Government. Ambach v. 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